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Humanized mouse models, or organ (systems) on a chip are the real solution.

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Is the idea that humanized mouse models will be so similar to people that trials on them will generalize to humans?

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well, until they get a study population that is 100% compliant; and they can compare effectiveness (or side effects) with genotype, or DNA methylation status, the noise will frequently swamp the signal. Right now 'humanized mice' iirc, are only a tiny bit humanized-- just enough so their immune system doesn't attack human proteins. What they need is a mouse with fully humanized immune system, gut, heart, muscle, fat, thyroid, pancreas-- not sure if the quickest route to that really is via humanized mice, or if the quickest route is via 'organ system on a chip' (or rather organ systems on a series of interconnected chips). Or rather, organ systems on chips for each genotype of interest. I'd say at that point medicine will move from 'art' to 'engineering.'

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